Species From Black Sea Red Data Book
SPECIES FROM BLACK SEA RED DATA BOOK
AND PROBLEMS FOR THEIR INVESTIGATION
T.V. Vasilyeva, S.E. Dyatlov, S.G. Kovalenko
I.I. Mechnikov National University of Odessa, Ukraine
As it is known, the protection of nature, its plants and animals is the task of all the planet and is not the separate administrative units, because firstly every species is unique and secondly species’ areals do not recognize frontiers or intrastate borders.
Water ecosystems occupy the most part of the earth surface. However they live don’t in themselves but in close complex with adjoin territories of land and tight connection with them. So connections can be naturally direct and indirect, that is conditioned side by side with other factors by anthropogenic influence.
The Black Sea is very specific reservoir as by its physical and geographical peculiarities, as by its biota. So fulfillment the scientific program BSEP by the all Black Sea countries has its result – Red Data Book of Black Sea, which connects the efforts of scientists of Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria and can considerably help in preservation of species, whose existence is under the threat of disappearance.
There are 36 species in Black Sea Red Data Book from 31 genus, 22families, 4 classes, 2 sections from high cryptogamic and spermatic plants, which live in the sea, adjoin reservoir and on the seacoast. 5 species from families Menyanthaceae, Salviniaceae, Trapaceae, Zosteraceae (Potamogetonaceae) live in water: 2 – swimming, 3 – dipping. Only family Zosteraceae has 1 genus and 2 species.
The largest families from ground plants are Poaceae (5 gen., 5 sp.), Brassicaceae and Caryophyllaceae (2 gen., 3 sp.). 5 families have in two species. The most quantity of species – 2 have genus Asparagus, Crambe, Euphorbia, Silene.
The plants, which were analyzed by us, have different status of IUCN (table 1). We use such categories of estimation: EX – extinct, EW – extinct in the wild, CE – critically endangered, CR – crucially endangered, EN –
endangered, VU – vulnerable, LR – lower risk, DD – data deficient, NE – can’t be included in any category.
Status VU on the world level has Trapa natans L. This species has such status on other levels too: Black Sea and subregional. Water or the devil’s nut is relic plant, which suffer from pollution of water and excessive harvest of edible fruits. Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth and partially Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Brown have status EX on subregional level.
Table 1. Quantity of species of different categories with different status
Category
Level
World
Black Sea
Subregional
EX
-
-
2
EW
-
-
-
CE
-
-
3
CR
-
6
8
EN
-
3
8
VU
1
8
12
LR
-
3
3
DD
1
-
-
NE
18
-
-
We suppose that there is necessity of further comparative supervision at the rare species in subregions for making the sure picture of Species State on Black Sea level.
Many species from Black Sea Red Data Book are on lists of demanding protection species of different countries and more small territorial units. For example, List of rare and disappearing species of Odessa region (table 2). From 15 species, prepared by us (Dyatlov, Vasilyeva, 1999) for Black Sea Red Data Book [1], which are presented in the table, three are in Red Data Books of Ukraine [6], Russia [5], Bulgaria [4]. Georgian Red Data Book was published nearly 20 years ago in Georgian, and in Romania and Turkey those books are absent.
Besides the species from table 2 we can indicate nether species, which grow in Black Sea coast (in bounds of Odessa region): Allium guttatum Steven, Asparagus littorals Steven, Astrodaucus littorals Drude, Frankenia pulverulenta L., Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutall., Zostera marina L., Z. noltii Hornem.
Table 2. Protecting plants of Black Sea region
Name of species
Red Data Books
Ukraine
Russia
Bulgaria
Odessa*
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.)Trin.
+
+
Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl.
+
+
Crambe pontica Stev.ex Rupr.
+
Ephedra distachya L.
+
Eremogone cephalotes (M.Bieb.)Fenzl.
+
+
Eryngium maritimum L.
+
+
Euphorbia peplis L.
+
Glaucium flavum Crantz.
+
+
+
+
Leucojum aestivum L.
+
+
+
+
Linaria sabulosa Czern. ex Klok.
+
+
Nymphoides peltata S.G.Gmel.
+
+
Ornithogalum refractum Kit.et Schlecht.
+
+
Salvinia natans (L.) All.
+
+
Thymus littoralis Klok. et Shost.
+
+
Trapa natans L.
+
+
+
+
Note: Odessa* - List of rare and disappearing species of Odessa’ region
The main negative factors, which demand necessity of protection those species are – destruction of locations, building, taking away sand, construction artificial forests, recreate press, uncontrolled collection for bouquets or for food and medicine aims and so on. Thus the measures of protection must be directed for struggle with prevailing negative factors and include as creation of territories with different degree of reservation, limitation of man’s destructive actions, as conducting explanatory and educational work with different groups of population. Foreign experience is very interesting. There were volunteers invited to work with people of different age and social state. And in future volunteers are going to enlarge the region of their activity.
The most of Red Data Book’ species in their type of strategy by P.S.Giller [3] are more often patients (“camels”) or explerents (“jackals”). By classification of Y.P.Diduch [2] they belong to forth and fifth classes: little active and not active, i.e. have comparatively narrow ecological amplitude, the degree of constancy 20-40%, protection roofing from 1% to alone individuals. So the active species especially weeds or alien everytops, easier force out them. We can see it with many rare species. Even if the plant, as for example Crambe pontica L.- “sea cabbage”- which grows on sand coast (sand beaches of Arkadia, X, XIII, XVI stations of Bolshoi Fountain, sand spits of region) and with sand can diverge by railway, where it is in oppressing state, it demands the serious measures for protection in its native conditions of life.
The great interest both medical and decorative (especially in time of ripening of semen\’s) has Ephedra distachya L. This plant can grow in recreation zone, stand a big littering, feel well near railway but it is very sensible to trampling down.
We can rarely meet Euphorbia peplis L on sand coast. It grows in associations with Polygonum maritimum L. And is often blown out or washed away by strong waves. It is necessary to investigate the peculiarities of this species in our conditions, because it is protected only in Bulgaria.
Very nice is early flowering Ornithogalum refracted Kit.et Schleicht. We can meet this European-Minor Asian species as in more northern parts of Odessa’ region, so on the island Zmeiniy. And every species from Black Sea Red Data Book can be spoken about.
So every species from the list has the most vulnerable place. Thus the aim of the investigators is to find such place and help those plants to live on our planet.
References
1. Black Sea Red Data Book, 1999.- 413 p.
2. Diduch Y.P. Populyaciyna ekоlogia.-Kyiv:Fitosociocentr,1998.-192 p.
3. Giller Paul S. Community Structure and the Niche.-Moskva: Mir, 1988.-184 p.
4. Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Plants. - Sofia, 1984.- 447 p.
5. Red Data Book of Russia. Plants.-Moskva, 1988.- 504 p.
6. Red Data Book of Ukraine. Plants.- Kyiv:Ukr.encycl.,1966.- 608 p.
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