Problems Of Ecological Training
problems of ecological training
of a marine sea fleet personnAl
V. Skripnik, E. Yakovlev
The Odessa State Maritime Academy, Ukraine
The sea transport composed of huge number of varied vessels prolongs to remain one of the sources of ecological hazard. Usage of organic combustible, miscellaneous spectrum of transported weights, as which one can be and parasitic noxious agents, inevitability of formation of wastes of habitability of the passengers and crewmembers, result in an air contamination and sea by oil, oddments of parasitic chemical and biological matters, miscellaneous waste. After a wreck of the specialized vessels of a huge tonnage the consequences of impurity are qualified at a level of debacles for animal and flora, causing multimillion injury to economics of the countries situated in a polluted zone. Besides, the regular impurity by mobile vessels, quickly escaping the regions of downthrow by parasitic matters, is difficult account and check immediately. The deficiencies of nature protection machinery on vessels and in ports, complication of installation of the parties in fault of downthrow in the high sea allow to neglect ships’ crews by established norms and rules, that transfer such operating in psychological and moral plains.
Thus, the ecological formation of the snapshots of a marine sea fleet in problems of a state of environmental issues, prolongs to remain actual. Knowledge of all aspects of negative affecting of developed marine navigation, estimation of the quality and quantitative performances of parasitic outbursts, mining and implementation of recommendation on prevention or essential decrease of these outbursts compound a ground (basis) of ecological opening-up having two main directions: legal and engineering. The legal opening-up of ships’ crew is conditioned by international nature of active fleet, when along with knowledge of the national nature protection legislation of Ukraine, the meeting of the requirements of the rules legal of countries of ports of call is necessary, and also positions of many International Conventions and agreements on an environmental protection from impurities, including International Convention for prevention of pollution from ships,
1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), International Convention for the safety of life at sea (SOLAS-74), on security of basins of the Baltic, Northern and Mediterranean seas, rules of the warning of impact of ships. The technical training of ships’ crews is instituted by following requirements presented to sea vessels on impact by nature protection machinery, including:
-different in both an operating principle and construction separators of oily waters and filtration plants working on the basis of methods of a sludge, filtering, flotation, centrifuging etc.;
-monitoring instruments of an amount of petroleum in thrown off overboard waters, systems of an auto alarm device, automatic gagging, registration and dumping control of oil;
-a tank-cleaning system by crude oil, systems of infill of tanks by inert gases;
-different separators of domestic and feces waters;
-varied incinerators for rendering food wastes and waste, gas refining systems.
The responsibilities, bound with maintenance and repair of this machinery, are assigned to the ships’ staffs not having special training. The problem becomes complicated also because in world fleet about 60 types only of separators of oily waters are used. Therefore at personnel training for the marine fleet it is necessary to give notice to the analysis of theoretical positions of purification processes and waste utilization, and also routines of a solution of particular practical problems:
-a decrease of parasitic outbursts at the expense of exact entities of cargo operations, bunkering of ships, operations with oil and petroleum, parasitic chemical agents, sewages and waste;
-effective operation of means aimed to pollution prevention of the environment, implementation of the rules of their maintenance, service and repair.
Ecological and proper technical training is an essential criterion of an estimation of professional operability of the seaman. Therefore the Convention STCW 78-95 mounts the proper criteria of knowledge and skills on a pollution prevention of the sea. Thus the professional training is divided into three levels:
support (sailors, motormen, etc.), exploitation (watch mates of the captain, watch engineers), control (second engineers, chief engineers, chief mates, captain). However, the Convention doesn’t include the quantitative and quality discrepancies between the indicated levels, though it is abundantly clear, that the extent of ecological training should essentially increase and to be best at a level of control. In the same period of time (1992-2000 years) the system of higher formation of Ukraine has exposed to reforming. Stepping training of personnel of a marine sea fleet on following educational-qualifying levels now operates:
- the low specialist (incomplete higher education);
- the bachelor (baseline higher education);
- the specialist, master (full higher education).
The periods of training are from 2,5 years to 5,5 years, and the training can be as continuous, and with interruptions on practical activity. Thus recess both the extension of knowledge and skills is directional on generalized plant of a transactions and progressing of capacities of the specialist to decide the sample professional jobs with an outlook of adopted of new knowledge for a solution of the problem professional jobs in the field of sea transport. Thus, the bulk of ecological knowledge should correspond to a degree of training with further transferring on new, higher, educational level. With accounting modern conditions of last years, the system of ecological and technical training in Odessa State Maritime Academy requires rethinking and transferring to the new shapes.
From our point of view, it is essential to develop the basic courses "Environmental protection" and "Safety of habitability", which satisfy both the requirement of the Convention STCW 78/95, and educational-qualifying levels, agrees to the “Law of education of Ukraine”. An essential spare of a heightening of performance of conducted operation can become training on a pollution prevention at sea, since the acting simulators of ship propulsive plants and navigating bridges do not envision the problems of ecological training and do not esteem possible of environmental pollution caused by sea-going ships. The large possibilities are gobed up in international cooperation with the Institute of the Marine Engineers (London, England), World-wide Maritime University (Malmo, Sweden) and International Maritime academy (Trieste, Italy), which departments are opened in the Odessa State Maritime Academy.
In the total the creation of an overall system of ecological education on the basis of end-to-end continuous plans training and retraining of the personal applicable to prospects for the development of a marine sea fleet is possible.
References
1. Международная Конвенция по предотвращению загрязнения с судов 1973 г., измененная Протоколом 1878 г. к ней МАРПОЛ 73\\78: Книга 1 (Конвенция, Протоколы к ней, приложения с дополнениями).-Санкт-Петербург: АЗОТ ЦНИИМФ, 1994.-313 с.
2. Международная Конвенция ПДНВ 78/95.-ЦПАП ОГМА,1998.-277с.
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