Hygienic Characteristics of THE PRODUCTS FROM Mussels in the eutrophicated Coastal Waters
of the North-Western Part of the Black Sea
L.I. Boyko, V.V. Gubanov
Odessa Branch Institute of biology of Southern Seas, National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Mussels, a Black Sea shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis) belongs to the kind of the most massive species of mollusk of the Azov-Black Sea basin. For many years they have been extensively caught in the North-Western part of the Black Sea (NWBS) and, to a lesser degree, in the coastal waters of the Crimea. The meat of these mollusk is characterized by high nutritions and food qualities. In the course of the latest decades in connection with working out new technologies the priorities have been essentially changed using mussel raw stuff. In late 1970s and early 1980s more than 90 percent of mussels caught in the (NWBS) was worked into fodder additions for cattle and poultry breeding, with only a small part of it being canned. Lately, especially after banning to procure mussel in their natural living beds the preparation of various kinds of dietary and delicatessen products became the main direction in using these mollusk. But the latest discoveries and broad spectrum of biologically active substances in mussel gave rise, at present, to more urgent priorities, namely – using these mollusk as raw material for preparing a number of valuable medicinal and prophylactic products and medical preparations: “Mussel acidic hydrolysate”, “Proteincarbohydrate concentrate”, taurine, mytilan (glycoprotein fraction with molecular mass 10000-250000 DA), “Viramid” and others.
The spectrum of acting of medicinoprophylactic products produced out of mussels is extraordinally broad, the most valuable properties being radioprotector, immunostimulating, antitumor and antivirus ones.
Up till now the volume of raising mussels and the products made of them including those, which have medicinal and prophylactic properties, lags considerably behind the needs of Ukraine and its potential capabilities in this respect.
Especially it concerns the NWBS and, in particular, the coastal waters of the Odessa region where in the 1980s the annuals catch reached 8-10 thousand tons of mussels. In the works of Odessa Branch of IBSS, and of a number at other establishments there have been shown the principal possibility of raising mussels in the NWBS and fitness of the raw stuff made of them for manufacturing nutrition and fodder products. Nevertheless, because of a number of negative circumstances, the cultivating of mussels in this area is done only, and in small quantities, by the Ochakov Experimental Mussels-Oyster Canning Factory.
The NWBS possesses a number of specific physico-geographical, oceanological and hydrological peculiarities, which largely determine the biotechnique of raising mussels in this area and the directions in utilizing the products of the marine farms. The main characteristic determining the possibility of processing the mussels and obtaining the products, which are safe for the consumer, depends first of all on the quantities, contained in these mollusk, of heavy metals, pesticides and microorganisms, regulated by the normatives. The polluting of the North-Western part bears local character and differs significantly as to different regions. The most intensive pollution takes place in the Odessa coastal waters and in the regions suffering the influence of the river flows.
The aim of our research is to study the possibilities of utilizing the mussels from the coastal eutrophicated waters of the NWBS for obtaining medicinal-prophylactic food products. During the period of 1990-1999 there was conducted a complex of sanitary-microbiological, toxicological and chemico-technological research of the mussels raised in installations of the “Reef” type in yeutrophic waters polluted by the waste flows in the area of Bolshoi Fontan Cape as well as the mussels of natural beds existing there. The research of the Odessa branch of IBSS showed that the most rational scheme of raising mussels for the majority of open regions of the NWBS is that of cultivating them during one vegetational period (spring-autumn) without wintering or with one wintering (mussels of two seasons) /1/.
The mussels raw stuff from the area Bolshoi Fontan has an important peculiarity, - this is the high degree of its contamination by sanitary-indicator microflora which is connected with the pollution of the aquatorium of the experimental marine plant by the nonpurified sewage waters of the station “Yuzhnaya”. According to the existent biological regulations, mussels meat with such contents of bacteria coliforms cannot be used for food stuff. (Table1). That is why, with the aim of complete elimination of the microflora, we used methods of hard deep processing which provide thermo- and chemo- destruction and, in particular, hydrolysis. /2, 3/.
Table 1. Results of the seasonal toxicological and sanitary-microbiological researches of the mussels from the Odessa Gulf at Big Fountain place
Maximum meanings in the period 1990-1998 years
Index
Extreme
Seasons of the mussels collection
Hard metals, arsenic
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Content in natural meat, mg/kg
Arsenic
2,00
0,900
0,800
1,000
1,000
Mercury
0,20
0,004
0,006
0,005
0,002
Cadmium
2,00
0,200
0,250
0,700
0,176
Lead
10,00
1,800
2,500
6,060
1,250
Tin
200,00
7,000
2,520
5,200
10,000
Copper
30,00
2,200
2,840
1,730
1,960
Zinc
200,00
40,200
46,300
35,700
52,600
Pesticides
Content in natural meat, mg/kg
a- GCHCG
0,2
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
Lindan
-
0,0010
no
discovered
0,0038
0,0006
DDE
-
0,0065
0,0121
0,0086
0,0043
ДДД
-
0,0060
0,0165
0,0113
0,0040
ДДТ
2,0
0,0015
0,0043
0,0016
0,0013
Phozalon
-
no discovered
no discovered
no discovered
no discovered
Content cells in 1 г natural meat
Bacteria coliforms
1,0 х 109
2,5 х 109
8,5 х 109
3,0 х 109
0,3 х 109
Table 2. Results of the toxicological researches of the products in the process of the mussels from the Odessa Gulf at (Big Fountain place)
Maximum meanings in the period 1990-1998 years
Index
Extreme
Broth
Shells
Grinded mussels (length
Acid hydrolysate from mussels
Remnant from hydrolysis
Hard metals, arsenic
5% dry matters
96% dry matters
50% dry matters
21% dry matters
30% dry matters
Content, mg/kg
Arsenic
2,00
0,2000
2,000
0,250
0,100
1,500
Mercury
0,20
0,004
0,008
0,007
no
discovered
0,005
Cadmium
2,00
0,160
0,380
0,400
0,150
1,060
Lead
10,00
1,390
7,980
7,440
1,920
5,640
Tin
200,00
1,500
37,500
19,530
1,500
12,500
Copper
31,00
0,490
1,610
1,030
0,150
6,510
Zinc
200,00
1,790
7,180
10,100
6,080
65,540
Pesticides
Extreme
Content, mg/kg
g- GCHCG
0,01-0,10
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
Lindan
-
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
0,013
DDE
-
0,0002
no
discovered
0,02
0,0009
0,047
ДДД
-
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
0,0003
0,038
ДДТ
0,02-0,04
0,0002
no
discovered
0,001
no
discovered
0,010
Phozalon
-
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
no
discovered
Despite rather high levels of pollution of the coastal waters of the Odessa Bay and neighboring aquatoria the raw stuff and the products made of it correspond with the contents of heavy metals, arsenic and pesticides (in the state of natural humidity), to the regulations of the Public Health Ministry. (Tables 1, 2).
Proposed by us the step-by-step processing of mussels stuff /1, 3/, includes washing, sorting out, scalding, separating of meat, shells, broth, acidic hydrolysis of mussel’s meat.
All this processing permits to completely eliminate the primary bacterial pollution of raw stuff and to obtain a number of valuable, in their composition and properties, food and fodder products, providing complex processing of mussels without any waste.
By its chemical characteristics (the contents of total and amino nitrogen, essential and non essential amino acids, biogenic macro- and microelements) and by its biological activity the product obtained – hydrolysate, which is of most priority, is analogous to the widely tested medico-prophylactic product MIGI-K, permitted for usage by the Public Health Ministry of Russia. /2/.
Thus, the theoretical and practical studies at the Odessa Branch IBSS can be used for the realization of a complex project of organizing mussel plants in the North-Western part of the Black Sea and creating a base for processing mussels and producing valuable products including medico-prophylactic.
Raw material for industries of this kind can be not only cultivated mussels but that, as well, which superfluously grow on the biopositive constructions built for amelioration of the polluted and eutrophicated aquatoria of the Black Sea.
References
1. Boyko L. I., Gubanov V. V./Management and Conservation of the Northern-Western Black Sea Coast//Scientific Publications Proceedings of the EUCC in International Symposium/Odessa, Ukraine, 1996/-Odessa. 1998, P. 27-30.
2. Patent of Russia Ru 20174 439. CL 5A 231I/333, A23 1/004 15.08.94. – Bul. №15.
3. Patent of Ukraine UA 21994A A23L 1/333; A23J I/04. 30.04.98.-Bul.№2.
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