Algae of marine foam of the Odessa bay
V.P. Gerasimjuk, N.I. Belenkova, T.V. Zajirenko
I.I. Mechnikov national university of Odessa, Ukraine
The marine foam is a peculiar ecological well for bacteria\’s, living in hit, algae, fungi and other organisms. Being by a compound component of a surface biotope of the sea and having specific physical, chemical and biological properties, it has great importance in the life of near-surface biocenoses (accelerates processes of breeding, growth and development of different marine organisms). Allowing light status, reference for the surface of the sea, sufficient quantity of oxygen dissolved in water and nonliving organic matter (proteins, adepses, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins and other biologically active materials), the foam is a natural "extract" from the sea, concentrate different organic and inorganic matters, which are available in seawater and which are a source of nutrition for bacteria, funguses, algae, elementary animals and larva\’s of many invertebrates [2].
The marine foam is a three-phase system, as at her alongside with water environment and air bubbles always there are firm fragments [4]. She will be derivated on a demarcation two (water and air) or even of three mediums (water, air and overland). The marine foam is in an unstable state. In case of cancellation of a wind the foam spreads on a surface of water by the way of film. Presence of foams by the calm sea and on a beach an authentic index of abundance of organic matters in water. It is necessary also to mark, that the algae have a striking plasticity of morphological and physiological properties, high stability to extreme conditions, and also special sensitivity to extracts from foam, that allows to use them as indicators of a biological potency of marine foam [3].
The foam - " a white spot " in algological researches, main attention is now given to analysis of influencing of foam on growth and development of bacteria\’s [4; 6], funguses [5], animal [2]. Activities dedicated flora of this ecological grouping, fragmentary and inexact [3].
The purpose of the given activity was analysis of a modern structure of algae of marine foam of the Odessa embayment. Pursuant to the purpose the
following problems were put: to reveal a species composition of algaes of marine foam, to analyze a modern ecological structure and to determine number and biomass of algae of marine foam.
As stuff for research the assays of foam selected near beach of the Odessa embayment since March, 1999 till May, 2000 on four stations have served: Luzanovka, Langeron, Arcadia and Ljusdorf, 60 assays in total were collected and 10 permanent preparations are made.
Identification of a species composition of algae made with the help of light microscopes Ergaval (Zeiss-Jena, Germany) and Biolam-70. The collecting and processing of algae implemented on the generally accepted technique [1].
The research of a species composition of algaes of marine foam of the Odessa beaches has allowed establishing 83 species relating 33 genera, 21 families, 7 orders, 4 classes and 3 divisions (Table 1). Most numerous of them is the division Bacillariophyta, 80 species (96,3 %) concern to which one. They belong to to two classes: Centrophyceae and Pennatophyceae. The class Centrophyceae of algaes is submitted by 10 species (12,4 %), from them most often in the marine foam met Sceletonema costatum (Grev). Cl., Melosira moniliformis (O.Mull) Ag., Paralia sulcata (Ehr). Cl. and other. The class Pennatophyceae of algaes has appeared dominating on a species composition - 70 species (83,9 %). The species included in its structure: Licmophora gracilis (Ehr). Grun., Diatoma vulgare Bory, Tabularia fasciculata (Ag). Williams et Round, Achnanthes brevipes Ag., Cocconeis scutellum Ehr., Navicula pennata var. pontica Mer., Nitzschia punctata (W.Sm). Grun. They make the basis of a species composition of algaes of marine foam.
The division Chlorophyta is shown by one class Chlorophyceae. To this class 2 species (Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillw.) Kütz and Urospora penicilliformis (Roth) Aresch. - 2,4 %) belong to.
Table 1. Tacsonomy a spectrum algaes of marine foam of the Odessa bay
Division
Quantity
of classes
of orders
of families
of genera
of species
Bacillariophyta
2
5
18
30
80
Chlorophyta
1
1
2
2
2
Pyrrophyta
1
1
1
1
1
Total
4
7
21
33
83
To division Pyrrophyta one class - Dinophyceae belongs to, one species - Peridinium sp. (1,3 %) concerns to which one.
At analysis of a species composition of marine foam the species of algaes Licmophora ovulum Mer., Thalassiothrix af. longissima Cl. et Grun.*, Navicula anglica Ralfs., Cocconeis engelbrechtii Cholnoky, Cymbella cymbelloides (Grun)Gusl.,Eunotia veneris (Kütz). O.Müll., Nitzschia angustata (W.Sm). Grun. and N. dissipata (Kütz). Grun. are retrieved infrequent for the given locale.
The algae retrieved in the marine foam enter in a structure of two basic grouping: a plankton and benthos. The planctos algae are made only by 14 species (16,8 %). To them concern Sceletonema costatum, Coscinodiscus granii Gough., Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehr). Reim et Lew, Entomoneis alata (Ehr). Ehr. Were much more miscellaneous in specific attitude bentos of the form, namely: base - 52 species (62,8 %) and views, which one enters in a structure of perephyton - 17 species (20,4 %). From base diatomite are most widespread Navicula pennata var. pontica, Diploneis smithii (Breb). Cl., Amphora caroliniana Giffen., Epithemia sorex Kutz., Nitzschia commutata Grun. and Surirella ovata Kütz., from perephyton, included in a structure, - Diatoma vulgare, Tabularia fasciculata, Licmophora gracilis, Cocconeis scutellum, Achnanthes brevipes and Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Ag). Lange-Bertalot. Thus, on a systematic structure the organisms from foam are closer to the population of a benthos, than to plancton.
It is known that the salinity of water plays the relevant role in development and distribution of algae. Has appeared that in the Odessa embayment in the foam dominated polygalob organisms (Table 2).
Table 2. Ratio of ecological groups of algae of marine foam (factor of a salinity)
Ecological groups
Quantity of species
% general quantity of species
Polygalobs
33
39,7
Mezogalobs
21
25,3
Galophilous
9
10,8
Indifferents
5
6,0
Species with the obscure ecology
15
18,2
Poligalobs are shown by 33 species, that has compounded 39,7 % from a total number of investigated species. Among polygalobs are most customary Licmophora gracilis, Lyrella lyra (Ehr). Kar., Navicula humerosa Breb., Diploneis didyma Ehr., Nitzschia punctata. The second place belongs to to group mezogalobs (21 views or 25,3 %). To them concern Melosira moniliformis, Tabularia fasciculata, Amphora acutiuscula Kutz., Nitzschia sigma W.Sm. Oligogalobs are shown by galophilous (10,8 %) and indifferents (6,0 %). Accordingly maiden second were shown Diatoma vulgare, Navicula cryptocephala Kutz., Rhoicosphenia abbreviata and Nitzschia dissipata, - Navicula anglica, Amphora ovalis Kutz., Nitzschia vermicularis (Kutz). Grun. The species with the obscure ecology have compounded 18,2 %.
In relation to рН of medium of marine foam dominated alcaliphilous, 64 views or 77,1 % concerned to which one. Among them Melosira moniliformis, Navicula directa (W.Sm). Ralfs, Pleurosigma angulatum (Queck). W.Sm., Amphora proteus Greg., Nitzschia frustulum (Kutz). Grun. Indifferents in relation to this factor are shown by a small number of species and variations (5 or 6,0 %). To them belong to Diatoma vulgare, Tabularia fasciculata, Nitzschia palea (Kutz). W.Sm., N. vermicularis (Kutz). Grun. The remaining 16,9 % has compounded species with the obscure ecology.
From the found algae 28 species have appeared by indexes of organic pollution. From them the relevant value had β - mezosaprobs group (19 species or 22,9 %), and α - mezosaprobs have compounded 9 species or 10,8 %. Large parts of species (55 or 66,3 %) fall into to species with an unascertained ecology.
The number of algae of marine foam changed from 121,44 up to 200,03million kl/m³. The maximum number is watched in the vernal and autumnal seasons, minimum winter.
The biomass of algae of marine foam was constant and oscillated from 0,08 up to 37,0 g/m³. The greatest biomass was captured by spring, minimum - winter.
* - the indicated species demands further researches, specially with application of methods of a submicroscopy.
References
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